Ideology and Rationality in the Soviet Model, p. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, p. ^ The Coming Change of Generations in the Kremlin, The New York Times, 6 July 1970 ^ Zwass, Adam. Ageism: negative and positive (2nd ed., p. See also AgeismCronyismGerontophobiaGerousiaReferences ^ Maddox, G. He was replaced by his brother Raºl Castro, who was 89 years old at the time of his own retirement. Cuba's Fidel Castro had de facto ruled the country for nearly 50 years, effectively retiring in 2008 at the age of 82, although he remained the leader of the Communist Party of Cuba until 2011. Nowadays, Cuba has been characterized as a gerontocracy: 'Although the population is now mainly black or mulatto and young, its rulers form a mainly white gerontocracy', The Economist wrote in 2008. On the sub-national level, Georgia's Party head Vasil Mzhavanadze was 70 when forced out, and his Lithuanian counterpart Antanas SnieÄkus was 71 at death. Communist states Other Communist countries with leaders in their 70s or 80s have included Albania (First Secretary Enver Hoxha was 76 at death), Bulgaria (General Secretary Todor Zhivkov was 78 at his resignation), Czechoslovakia (President Gustv Husk was 76 at his resignation), China (Chairman Mao Zedong was 82 at death), East Germany (General Secretary and head of state Erich Honecker was 77 when forced out), Hungary (General Secretary Jnos Kdr was 75 when forced out), Laos (President Nouhak Phoumsavanh was 83 at retirement), North Korea (Supreme Leader Kim Il-sung was 82 at death), Romania (General Secretary and ConducÄtor Nicolae CeauÅescu was 71 when he was executed), Vietnam (President TrÆ°á>'ng Chinh was 80 at retirement), Yugoslavia (President and Marshall Josip Broz Tito was 87 at death).

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